Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis is a multistage and multistep process involving modification and mutation to genes that regulate normal cellular function including cell growth control processes. Chemical carcinogens have been shown to modify and interact at many stages of carcinogenesis. 

Oncogenic activation by deregulated expression or structural modifications of oncoproteins can also lead to constitutive activation of mitogenic signaling, cell transformation, and tumorigenesis.