Cancer

Cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation resulting from genetic and epigenetic alterations that disrupt normal cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair mechanisms. These mutations lead to the activation of oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and genomic instability, enabling malignant cells to evade growth suppression, resist cell death, induce angiogenesis, invade surrounding tissues, and metastasize to distant organs via hematogenous or lymphatic spread.